A Muon g-2 Update

A new preprint recaps developments in establishing the Standard Model prediction for muon g-2. 

A 2020 "white paper" using a "data driven" model, showing a five sigma discrepancy between theory and experiment was badly wrong, because the data is relied upon was subtly flawed, or understated the uncertainty of its results.

New Lattice QCD calculations which corroborate each other, and some new experimental data to contribute to a data driven model, show that, in fact, it is extremely likely that there is no statistically significant difference between ultra-precise experimental measurements of muon g-2 and the best available calculation of the Standard Model predicted value of it.

[T]he final result for 𝑎𝜇 from the Muon g-2 experiment is expected in Spring 2025, preceded by a new Theory White Paper. 

A further measurement of 𝑎𝜇 is planned at J-PARC@KEK using a very different technique with a compact magnetic ring and low momentum 𝜇+. Data-taking should start in 2028 with 2 years of running needed to reach a result with ∼ 2°ø the uncertainty of Muon g-2.

Late Linguistic Arrivals To Europe

Hungarian entered the Carpathian Basin at the tail end of the 9th century and Finnish and its congeners arrived in the Baltic region around the same time [Ed. some scholars, however, date it to much earlier in the 1st Millennium BCE], ultimately both from the southern Urals (hence Uralic) and Turkey, formerly populated by speakers of numerous Anatolian (ergo, IE) languages, including Lydian, Carian, and Hittite, the first IE tongue, which were overlaid by Turkic speakers from the distant east beginning in the 11th century.

From Language Log.

Note, however, that between the era in which Anatolian language were spoken in what is now Turkey, and the 11th century dominance of the Turkic language, there were also other languages spoken there, including Greek, Persian (which is moderately related to its fellow Indo-Iranian Kurdish languages, which are first attested in the 9th century but are surely at least somewhat older) and Armenian, all of which are also Indo-European languages, as well as the Semitic Arabic language, which was first spoken by significant numbers of people in Anatolia (and also in Iberia) in the 7th century.

Other languages also arose or first appeared in Europe in the Middle Ages.

The Indo-Aryan (i.e. Sanskrit derived) language(s) of the Romani people, a remote branch of the Indo-European language not previously found in Europe arrived in the 9th to 14th centuries. The Semitic influenced Germanic Yiddish language arose roughly the 9th century. The Semitic Maltese language also didn't come into being until the Middle Ages, arising roughly the 11th century.

Basque is the only remaining non-Indo-European language in Europe which was present there prior to the Middle Ages, although others, such as Etruscan, which was last attested in the 1st century, survived into the Roman era.