Bernard discusses a paper on ancient DNA from Kazakstan. It revealed that the hunter-gatherer population that persisted there until the late Neolithic era in Europe was roughly 95% replaced by Bronze Age early Indo-Europeans herders similar to the Sintashta and Andronovo cultures genetically. The paper is Haechan Gill, et al., "Ancient genomes from eastern Kazakhstan reveal dynamic genetic legacy of Inner Eurasian hunter-gatherers" (2025).
The paper also has many other secondary insights.
The samples from the current study are in yellow, with the Bronze age samples on the left, and in the MLBA clines, and the Neolithic samples in the Steppe HG cline on the right.
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